Supplementary Materials

Brain Signatures of Time Perception in Virtual Reality

Sahar Niknam, Saravanakumar Duraisamy, Jean Botev, Luis A. Leiva

VR/AR Lab & COIN Research Group, @University of Luxembourg

1. Study Setup

study setup study setup
used devices
EEG cap Handtracker VR headset
Unicorn Hybrid Black EEG cap Leap Motion Controller HTC Vive Pro Eye VR headset

2. Procedure

experiment procedure

An example of an event: Cognitive modulator, Medium mode, duration 6 seconds

3. Modulators

5 modulators to 42 events

3.1. Emotion Modulator

Valence and arousal values of pictures used for implementing the emotion modulator
Mode Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4
Positive
High		 Valence 91.266† 81.696† 6.67 6.50
Arousal 57.636† 66.009† 4.04 3.08
Positive
Low		 Valence 94.105† 97.818† 6.14 6.50
Arousal 6.599† 5.851† 2.86 2.75
Negative
Low		 Valence 50.666† 49.722† 2.17 2.75
Arousal 30.559† 30.598† 4.63 1.88
Neutral Valence 43.063† 49.541† 45.176† 49.675†
Arousal 20.506† 10.674† 23.793† 21.311†
† GAPED scoring system ranging from 0 to 100 ("very negative"/"insignificantly arousing" to "very positive"/"highly arousing"); the rest follows the NAPS rating scale ranging from 1 to 9 ("very negative"/"relaxed" to "very positive"/"aroused").

3.2. Cognitive Modulator

Cognitive modulator, mode: low

Low

Cognitive modulator, mode: medium

Medium

Cognitive modulator, mode: high

High

3.3. Oddball Modulator

Oddball modulator, mode: no-oddball

No-Oddball

Oddball modulator, mode: relevant oddball

Relevant

Oddball modulator, mode: irrelevant oddball

Irrelevant

3.4. Magnitude Modulator

Low pitch

Normal

High pitch

The audio files used in this modulator were derived from excerpts of Barack Obama's speech at the 2009 White House Correspondents' Dinner, available here.

3.5. Expectation Modulator

Expectation modulator, mode: slow progressbar

Slow progressbar

Expectation modulator, mode: fast progressbar

Fast progressbar

The progress bar asset used in this modulator was sourced from the Unity Asset Store.

4. Results

Topographical map of time perception states

Topographic map of different band powers for time perception states.

PSD plot of time perception states

Spectral activity of EEG channels averaged over all participants, grouped by time perception states.

Time perception states statistics across 6 frequency bands

SNR of time perception states in all EEG band powers for each participant.

5. Publication

5.1 BibTeX Citation

        @Article{niknam25brainvr,
        author    = {Niknam, Sahar and Duraisamy, Saravanakumar and Botev, Jean and Leiva, Luis A.},
        journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics}, 
        title     = {Brain Signatures of Time Perception in Virtual Reality}, 
        year      = {2025},
        volume    = {},
        number    = {},
        pages     = {1-11},
        doi       = {10.1109/TVCG.2025.3549570}
        }

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